An electronic signature is a digital representation of a signature. Electronic signatures can often function much like official seals, and they take the place of handwritten signatures when using digital technology for e-commerce, signing contracts, or other online activities. Electronic signatures are used frequently online, however they are also commonly used by institutions such as banks, retail stores, hospitals, and pharmacies for in-person transactions. In some cases, a electronic signature pad may be used to create an electronic signature. Signature pads use an LCD-type screen which is signed using a special pen; the pad electronically registers the signature. People are routinely required to sign an electronic signature for credit card purchases. Using an electronic signature for bank transactions and legal documents are also common. The Federal E-Sign Act adopted by the US Congress in 2000 states that electronic signatures are subject to the same legal standards as handwritten signatures, and are just as legally valid under the law.