Electronic commerce is also commonly referred to as e-commerce, and is defined as the buying and selling of products and services over the Internet and other electronic systems such as computer networks. E-commerce may refer to online banking, online shopping, online advertising and direct marketing, paying for premium services online, any many other online commercial activities. United States electronic commerce law is routinely regulated by the Federal Trade Commission, also known as the FTC. The Federal Trade Commission Act specifically regulates online advertising; electronic commerce law states that online advertising must be held to the same standards as all other forms of advertising, and must be non-deceptive. The FTC also regulates the use of online email Spam. Fraud, online scams, unethical online business practices, and identity theft are also common concern in the field of electronic commerce law. E-commerce law also ensures the validity of electronic signatures for transactions made online.